Theoretical Unit 1. NAUTICAL NOMENCLATURE. UT1 Identification Definitions of:

• • 1.1 Hull. – Hull and deck. – Bow and stern. – Centerline and plane, to define: Starboard and port. – Sides, bow, beam and quarter. – Waterline, to define: Underwater hull (hull) and topsides. – Cockpit and scuppers. – Hatches, main hatch. – Ventilation louvers and vents. – Portholes and skylights. – Handrails, stanchions and lifelines.

• • 1.2 Structure. – Keel, stem, sternpost, frames, beams, gunwale, rail, bulkheads, deck and bilge. – Bottom valves. – Bilge pumps

• • 1.3 Anchoring Equipment. – Windlass: Windlass, clutch, and brake. – Anchor line. Shackle. Parts of the stockless anchor. – Shape of the plow anchor, the Danforth anchor, and the grapnel. – With reference to the anchor and the anchoring maneuver, definitions of: Heaving, filing, hanging, under, weighing, setting sail, clear, and free.

• • 1.4 Rudder. – Parts of the rudder: Tiller or wheel, rudder stock, rudder post, rudder guards and blade.

• • 1.5 Propeller. – Propeller parts: Shaft, stern tube, hub, blades, and cowling. – Right-handed and left-handed propellers. – Twin outward-turning propellers. – Folding-blade propeller.

• • 1.6 Dimensions. – Length, beam and maximum beam, depth, freeboard, bow draft, stern draft, mean draft and trim. – Maximum displacement in recreational craft.

• 1.7 Terminology. – To heel and to right. Windward and leeward.

Theoretical Unit 2. Mooring and Anchoring Elements. UT2 Identification

• • 2.1 Mooring elements. – Definitions of: Bollard, mooring blocks, buoys, fenders, boat hook, rope end, bight, standing part and loop, fairlead, pulley, bitts and cleats

• • 2.2 Knots. – Indicate the purpose of the following knots: Square knot, anchor bend, clove hitch and bowline

• 2.3 Anchoring. – Choosing the anchorage and holding ground. – Anchoring with one anchor: Maneuver, anchorage length, swing circle. – Dragging anchor. – Watchfulness while anchoring: Marks, depth sounder alarm. – Anchor buoy. – Weighing anchor maneuver.

Theoretical Unit 3. Maritime Safety. UT3 Identification

• • 3.1 Stability. – Definitions of: > Roll and pitch. > Transverse and longitudinal static stability (without going into their study). – Steering techniques to avoid roll and pitch. – Importance of not broadside to the sea.

• • 3.2 Pre-Sea Checks – Be aware of the need and importance of carrying out a series of pre-sea checks. – Be able to list the following: > Oil levels, water and impurity settling filters, coolant, cooling system, alternator belt, fuel level, fresh water, batteries, navigation lights, radio equipment, watertightness, steering and propulsion system, absence of explosive gases, oil or fuel leaks, weather report, existence and condition of safety equipment (life jackets, life rings, pyrotechnic equipment and fire extinguishers).

• • 3.3 Measures to be taken on board in bad weather. – Stowage and securing for sea conditions. – Check all openings. Close seacocks. – Course to follow: Ride out or run ahead of the storm. – Risks of a leeward coast.

• • 3.4 Thunderstorms. – Protection from thunderstorms and influence on the needle.

• • 3.5 Low visibility. – Precautions when navigating in fog, radar reflector, avoid maritime traffic. – Precautions for night navigation.

• • 3.6 Shallow Waters. – Definition of shallow waters. – Precautions for navigation in shallow waters.

• • 3.7 Safety Equipment. Description, recommendations for use and stowage of the following items: – Life jackets. – Harnesses and lifelines. – Life rings and life rafts. – Hand flares, red light rockets and parachutes, and floating smoke signals. – Signal mirror and foghorn. – Portable fire extinguishers and fire buckets.

• • 3.8 Man Overboard. – Prevention of a man overboard situation: Safety harness, lighting. – Man overboard: Clearing the propeller, signaling the person in the water, individual buoyancy aids, deploying rescue devices. – Approach maneuvers when the person in the water is visible: Anderson maneuver and Boutakow maneuver. – Search maneuvers when the person in the water is not visible : Square spiral search and sector search. – Use of the Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) in case of a man overboard. – Precautions during rescue. – Resuscitation of a person in the water: Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and chest compressions. – Hypothermia: Concept and measures to take.

• • 3.9 Towing. – Approach maneuver, giving and taking the tow, way of navigating the tug and the towed vessel.

• 3.10 Maritime Rescue. – In addition to using the onboard radio station, ways to contact SM: 112 and 900 202 202.

Theoretical Unit 4. Legislation. UT4 Identification

• • 4.1 Regulations affecting recreational craft. – Regarding maritime traffic and inland navigation in ports.

• • 4.2 Navigation restrictions. – In areas close to the coast. – On unbuoyed beaches. – On buoyed beaches and access channels. – In marine reserves.

• • 4.3 Divers and swimmers. Precautions to take in the presence of: – Swimmers. – Divers. “Alpha” flags of the International Code of Signals and modified “Bravo” flag.

• • 4.4 Pollution Prevention. – Overview of the regulations governing discharges and dumping into the sea from recreational craft, according to Order FOM 1144/2003 of April 28, or any subsequent legislation that may replace it. – Overview of the regulations governing the delivery of waste generated by recreational craft, according to Royal Decree 1381/2002 of December 20, or any subsequent legislation that may replace it. – Regulations governing the dumping of garbage into the sea according to Chapter V of the MARPOL International Convention:  Scope of application (Regulation 2).  General prohibition of dumping garbage into the sea (Regulation 3).  Dumping garbage outside special areas (Regulation 4).  Dumping garbage within special areas, specifically the Mediterranean Sea (Regulation 6). – Skipper’s liability for pollution. – Conduct in the event of a sighting of pollution during navigation: Obligation to report.

• • 4.5 National Flag. – National flag on recreational vessels. – Use of the flag of the Autonomous Community

• • 4.6 Rescue. – Obligation to render assistance to persons according to paragraph 1, rule 33, chapter V, of the international SOLAS convention.

• 4.7 Protection of natural marine environments. Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance (SPAMI). Specific case in the Mediterranean: Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows.

Theoretical Unit 5. Beacon Marking. UT5 Identification

• 5.1 IALA Regulations: Region A lateral marks, cardinal marks, isolated danger marks, navigable water marks, and special marks. Each Call for Applications will specify the IALA regulations on which the examinations will be based.

Theoretical Unit 6. International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGs). UT6 Identification

• • 6.1 Generalities. Rules 1 to 3.

• • 6.2 Rules of direction and governance. Rules 4 to 19.

• • 6.3 Lights and Markings. Rules 20, 21 and 23 to 31.

• • 6.4 Acoustic and luminous signals. Rules 32 to 37.

• • 6.5 Danger signs.

• Annex IV. EXPRESSLY EXCLUDED: Rule 22 and Annexes I, II and III. Any interpretation that does not conform to the wording of the Regulation.

Theoretical Unit 7. Maneuvering and Navigation. UT7 Identification

• • 7.1 Mooring Lines. Definitions of: – To secure a loop to the bollard, to tie down by a bight, to take turns and make firm. – To haul in, to turn, to tighten, to temper, to loosen, to ease, to let out, and to release. – To coil. – Length, beam, spring, and elbow. Description of the effects produced when hauling in each of the mooring lines, with the vessel moored alongside the dock. Use of mooring lines according to wind and current.

• • 7.2 Steering with tiller or wheel. – Definitions of: Steering speed and forward speed. – Name the three phases of the turning curve while moving forward and understand the importance of stern roll. – Describe: > The effect of the jet stream and lateral pressure of the propeller blades on a stationary vessel with the rudder amidships and the engine in astern. > The combined effect of propeller and rudder with forward speed and the engine in astern. > Turning with one propeller. > Turning with two outward-turning propellers. > Factors influencing the maneuver: * Wind, current, and waves. * Concept of leeway and drift. * Free leeward.

• 7.3 Maneuvers. – Docking and undocking at the bow (bow and stern) and alongside the dock. – Mooring: Lines to be used, how to secure them, and the order in which to do so, for the types of docking described in the previous point. – Unmooring: Order in which to release the lines according to the type of docking and the maneuver to be performed for undocking. – Mooring alongside another vessel, regardless of the type of vessel. – Mooring to a buoy.

Theoretical Unit 8. Emergencies at sea. UT8 Identification

• • 8.1 Personal Accidents. – Emergency treatment of wounds, bruises, bleeding, burns (including sunburn), sunstroke, and seasickness. – In addition to using the onboard radio, how to contact the Spanish Radio Medical Service: mobile phone. Hours. – Importance of carrying the ISM medical guide onboard and how to obtain it.

• • 8.2 Involuntary grounding. – Description of the measures to be taken to get out of the grounding.

• • 8.3 Boarding. – Measures to be taken and damage assessment.

• • 8.4 Water Ingress and Flooding. – Points of greatest risk: stern tube, rudder post, seacocks and bottom fittings, hoses, clamps. – Measures to be taken after a leak: Bailing with a manual and/or electric pump (use and importance of good maintenance). Plugging with plugs and cushions.

• • 8.5 Fire and Explosion Prevention. – Risk areas: Kitchens, engine rooms, fuel inlets, batteries, electrical installations, paint sheds or cabinets. – Factors required for a fire to occur: Fire tetrahedron theory. – UNE fire classification, defining the following classes: A, B, C, and F. – Water as an extinguishing agent, precautions. – Fire extinguishers: Extinguishers suitable for extinguishing Class B fires, basic use of a dry powder extinguisher, optimal use, and how to attack the flames. Basic periodic maintenance checks. – Procedures to follow when a fire breaks out. – Extinguishing procedures: Basic knowledge of cooling, smothering, dispersion or isolation of the fuel, and inhibition of the chain reaction techniques. – Ventilating the fire, choosing a direction with zero apparent wind.

• 8.6 Abandoning the vessel – Measures to be taken before abandoning the vessel. – Method of abandoning the vessel: Assumption of abandonment without availability of a life raft. – Remaining in the water after abandoning ship. – Use of pyrotechnic signals.

Theoretical Unit 9. Meteorology.

• • 9.1 Importance of weather in navigational safety. – Ways to obtain weather forecasts.

• • 9.2 Atmospheric pressure. – Definition, units of measurement and normal value. – Measurement of atmospheric pressure with the aneroid barometer. – Definition of isobaric lines.

• • 9.3 Temperature. – Definition and units of measurement (centigrade scale).

• • 9.4 Low-pressure systems and high-pressure systems. – Definition. – General wind circulation in the northern hemisphere in these formations. – Track of low-pressure systems.

• • 9.5 Wind. – Definitions of: veer, fall, cool, gust, and calm. – Anemometer, wind vanes, and telltales. – True, relative, and apparent wind: definitions, without calculations. – Usefulness of the Beaufort scale and the need to carry it on board.

• • 9.6 Coastal breezes. – Land breeze and sea breeze.

• 9.7 Mar. – Concepts of: Intensity, persistence, and fecht. – Usefulness of the Douglas scale and the need to carry it on board. EXPRESSLY EXCLUDED: Memorizing the Beaufort and Douglas scales.

Theoretical Unit 10. Navigation Theory. UT10 Identification

• • 10.1 Earth Sphere. – Definitions of: Axis, poles, Equator, meridians and parallels, zero meridian, local meridian, latitude and longitude.

• • 10.2 Mercator charts. – Coastal navigation charts, landfall charts, portolan charts and cartridge charts . – Information provided by the charts: Coastal features, terrain features, landmarks, lights, marks, beacons, hazards, prohibited areas. – Most important signs and abbreviations used on nautical charts: Lighthouses, soundings, nature of the bottom, depth contours, magnetic declination.

• • 10.3 Nautical publications. – Brief description of sailing directions, nautical guides for recreational navigation and lighthouse books.

• • 10.4 Unit of distance. Unit of speed. – Nautical mile: Definition and its equivalent in meters. – Latitude and longitude scales on Mercator charts. – How to measure distances on the chart. – Knot: Definition. – Log: what it is and what it is used for. – Log coefficient: Its application. – Sounding lead: what it is and what it is used for. – Concept of Time. Logbook Clock.

• • 10.5 Magnetic declination. – Definition. – How to update it.

• • 10.6 Nautical compass. – Brief description of the nautical compass. Installation, disturbances. – Definition of compass deviation. – Concept of the deviation board.

• • 10.7 Total Correction. – Definition. – Calculation from the decline and deviation.

• • 10.8 Bearings. – Definition of true, magnetic, and compass bearings. – Relationship between them. – Methods of measuring bearings: circular and quadrantal. – Converting a quadrantal value to a circular value (and not vice versa).

• • 10.9 Lines of Position. – Definition of: Leading lines, bearings, distances, and depths. – Obtaining lines of position with the compass and converting them to true lines for plotting on the chart. – Use of leading lines, bearings, and soundings as reliable lines of position. – Conditions that must be met for lines of position to be reliable.

• • 10.10 Bearing. – Definition. – How to measure it: Circular and semicircular. – Relationship between course, bearing and bearing.

• • 10.11 Aids to navigation. – Marks. Lights and maritime signals: Lighthouses and beacons.

• • 10.12 Tides. – Concept and usefulness of their knowledge. – Reference to soundings, definitions of: Hydrographic zero, sounding at the LAT, tidal range, tidal duration. – Influence of meteorological phenomena: Wind and atmospheric pressure.

• 10.13 Wind and current. Influence of wind and current on navigation. Concepts of leeway and drift; their effect on the vessel depending on its underwater and above-water hull. EXPRESSLY EXCLUDED: Memorizing chart scales. Types of logs and their operation.

Theoretical Unit 11. Navigation Chart. UT11 Identification

• • 11.1 Coordinates. – Given a point on the map, find its coordinates. – Given the coordinates of a point, locate it on the map.

• • 11.2 Distance and Direct Bearing. – How to measure distances on the chart. – How to plot and measure bearings.

• • 11.3 Total Correction. – Calculation of the total correction from a bearing or alignment. – Calculation of the total correction from the deviation and magnetic declination (data provided or obtained from the chart).

• • 11.4 True Course and Compass Course (in the absence of wind and current). – Given the departure and arrival positions: Calculate the compass course. – Given the departure position, departure time, arrival position, and vessel speed: Calculate the compass course and arrival time. – Given the departure position: Calculate the compass course to pass a specified distance from the coast or hazard. (Excluding the minimum distance).

• • 11.5 Dead reckoning (in the absence of wind and current). – Given the departure position, the time of day, the speed of the vessel and the compass heading: Calculate the dead reckoning at a given time .

• • 11.6 True Position. – Obtain the position by the intersection of two of the following simultaneous position lines: Distances, isobath line, leading lines, bearings, and bearings. – To obtain the position with bearings, the data may be: True bearing, compass bearing, and/or heading, having to convert the last two to true bearings for plotting on the chart.

• 11.7 Tides. – Calculation of the sounding at high tide and low tide (this will be asked as a separate question from the navigation exercises, always referring to the time in the yearbook).

PER theoretical exam

• 1. The exam will consist of 45 multiple-choice questions, each with four possible answers. The maximum duration is 1 hour and 30 minutes.


• 2. The exam will be graded using a dual assessment criterion, such that to pass, a minimum of 32 questions must be answered correctly. In certain subjects, a maximum number of errors is not permitted: – International Convention for Preventing Collisions at Sea: maximum 5 errors allowed. – Buoyage: maximum 2 errors allowed. – Navigation Charts: maximum 2 errors allowed.


• 3. The distribution of questions according to the exam subjects will be done according to the following table.
  • UT Identification Number of exam questions (entire test) Maximum number of errors allowed (entire test) Minimum number of correct answers (entire test) Maximum number of errors allowed (PNB Supplementary Test) Minimum number of correct answers (PNB Supplementary Test)
  • 1 Nautical Nomenclature. 4 — — — —
  • 2 Mooring and anchoring elements. 2 — — — —
  • 3 Security 4 — — — —
  • 4 Legislation 2 — — — —
  • 5 Beacon 5 2 3 — —
  • 6 Regulations (RIPA) 10 5 5 — —
  • 7 Maneuver 2 — — — —
  • 8 Maritime Emergencies. 3 — — — —
  • 9 Meteorology. 4 — — — —
  • 10 Navigation Theory. 5 — — — —
  • 11. Navigation chart. 4 2 2 2 2
  • TOTAL EXAM 45 13 32 3 15
  
  
• 4. Relationship between the Basic Navigation Skipper and Recreational Craft Skipper exams. a) Those who hold the Basic Navigation Skipper certificate, or have passed the theoretical examination for obtaining the Basic Navigation Skipper certificate as specified in this Royal Decree, will not have to take the entire specific exam for the Recreational Craft Skipper certificate, but only theoretical units 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11, with a maximum time of 45 minutes. b) Those who hold the Basic Navigation Skipper certificate may take the specific theoretical examination for obtaining the Recreational Craft Skipper certificate, which is supplementary to the one already passed for obtaining the Basic Navigation Skipper certificate, at any Administration with jurisdiction in the matter, whether it is the same one that issued the Basic Navigation Skipper certificate or another. c) Those persons who have passed the theoretical examination for obtaining the basic navigation skipper’s certificate may take the specific theoretical examination for obtaining the recreational craft skipper’s certificate, which is complementary to the one already passed for obtaining the basic navigation skipper’s certificate, only before the Administration in which they passed the theoretical examination for obtaining the basic navigation skipper’s certificate and during the next two calls in which the administration holds basic navigation skipper’s exams . 247 Saturday, October 11, 2014 Sec. I. Page 83021 d) Those persons who take the exam for the recreational boat skipper’s certificate and do not pass the test, but do so in accordance with the requirements of the basic navigation skipper, will have said pass recognized, either for subsequent calls in the same Administration, or for the issuance of the basic navigation skipper’s certificate, keeping said pass for a maximum period of two consecutive calls in which the administration carries out the recreational boat skipper exams.